Social heritage

Where can I find tables on mould breakers and the development in exposed residential areas - The parallel society list?

Note: Below, we provide links to data from Statistics Denmark and to others who make statistics on the subject. In some instances, the sources referred to below have content in Danish only or limited content in English.

In StatBank Denmark, you can find tables on upper secondary education status of the 18-25-year-olds and higher education status of the 25-45-year-olds, broken down by e.g. the parents’ educational attainment, income level and employment status.

You can find earlier figures regarding social heritage in the publication "Børns levevilkår" (2002) and in an article in "Statistisk Tiårsoversigt 2006" (both in Danish), including data on students and their backgrounds, e.g. the parents’ educational attainment and income.

The Rockwool Foundation Research Unit makes analyses of social heritage. See their publications in English under the subjects "Social mobility" and/or “Inequality".

VIVE - the Danish Center for Social Science Research - has released several analyses on social heritage. See their publications in English and search for "Social mobility" for example.

The Economic Council of the Labour Movement (ECLM) have released a report ”Din klasse følger dig gennem livet” (2020) (in Danish) where the population is divided into five social classes: Upper class, upper middle class, middle class, working class and a class not on the labour market. The report follows life in the classes through four different phases of life: Childhood, youth, adulthood and senior years.

The analyses in the report deal with subjects such as education, grades, types of dwelling, crime, employment, types of family, income, retirement, pension savings and wealth.

Most ECLM analyses are in Danish, however, some are also available in English. The ECLM collects analyses on their subject pages on social heritage: ”Social arv” and "Social mobilitet", and it is also responsible for klassesamfund.dk (in Danish), including analyses for the books ”Klassekamp fra oven” (2014), ”Det danske klassesamfund” (2012) and "Rige børn leger bedst" (2021).

The parallel society list

The parallel society list, formerly known as the ghetto list, has existed since 2010 and has been published by various ministries and agencies. It lists social housing areas with more than 1,000 inhabitants, more than 50 per cent immigrants and descendants of immigrants from non-western countries, and matching several other criteria. The criteria have changed over the years.

The criteria for the most recent list are about the share of residents participating in the labour market or in education, the number of convicted people, the share of people whose highest educational attainment is basic school, and whether the average gross income in the area is less than 55 per cent of that of the same group in the rest of the region.

Four additional lists supplement the parallel society list in its present form. These four lists deal with distressed housing areas, transformation areas, social mix renting and prevention areas, of which the latter was introduced in 2021.

Besides adding more lists, the naming has also changed over the years. The ghetto list became the parallel society list, and the previously rough ghetto areas were renamed transformation areas. From 2018, the infrastructure list was renamed distressed housing areas. Below is an overview of previous publications (all in Danish).

Liste over parallelsamfund pr. 1. dec. 2024

Liste over parallelsamfund pr. 1. dec. 2023

Liste over parallelsamfund pr. 1. dec. 2022

Liste over parallelsamfund pr. 1. dec. 2021

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2020

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2019

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2018

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2017 and Infrastrukturlisten pr. 1. dec. 2017

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2016 and Infrastrukturlisten pr. 1. dec. 2016

Liste over ghettoområder pr. 1. dec. 2015 and Infrastrukturlisten pr. 1. dec. 2015

Liste over særligt udsatte boligområder pr. 1. dec. 2014

Liste over særligt udsatte boligområder pr. 1. feb. 2014